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          python函数
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        <p>简述python函数</p>
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<h1 id="一、简介"><a href="#一、简介" class="headerlink" title="一、简介"></a>一、简介</h1><p>python中的函数，是对代码块的<strong>封装</strong>，减少代码的重复书写，具有<strong>复用性</strong>，提升代码书写效率<br>Python中有<strong>内置函数</strong>，大大方便了开发者开发人员开发程序</p>
<h1 id="二、定义函数"><a href="#二、定义函数" class="headerlink" title="二、定义函数"></a>二、<strong>定义</strong>函数</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(a,b)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(a,b)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>def</code>是函数的关键字，<code>name</code>是函数名，遵循变量的起名规范，<code>(a,b)</code>是函数的参数，无论是否有参数，都要写<strong>括号</strong>，定义函数时括号内部为<strong>形参</strong>，<strong>没有</strong>具体的值</p>
<h1 id="三、调用函数"><a href="#三、调用函数" class="headerlink" title="三、调用函数"></a>三、<strong>调用</strong>函数</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">name(<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">结果输出</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>调用函数:<code>函数名(参数1，参数2，...)</code>，该参数填写<strong>具体的值</strong>，为实参</p>
<h1 id="四、函数的参数"><a href="#四、函数的参数" class="headerlink" title="四、函数的参数"></a>四、<strong>函数</strong>的参数</h1><h3 id="1-形参"><a href="#1-形参" class="headerlink" title="1.形参"></a>1.形参</h3><p>形参是<strong>声明</strong>函数时书写的参数，<strong>没有实际意义</strong>，占个位置，表明该函数需要这个参数，函数内部使用</p>
<h3 id="2-实参"><a href="#2-实参" class="headerlink" title="2.实参"></a>2.实参</h3><p>实参是<strong>调用</strong>函数时填写的<strong>具体的值</strong>，表明使用该实参进行函数运算</p>
<h3 id="3-必选参数"><a href="#3-必选参数" class="headerlink" title="3.必选参数"></a>3.必选参数</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(a,b)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(a,b)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">name(<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line">报错 该函数有两个参数，只写了一个</span><br><span class="line">name(<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">结果输出<span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>a,b就是必选参数，调用的时候遵循从左到右依次赋值，必须都有值</p>
<h3 id="4-默认参数"><a href="#4-默认参数" class="headerlink" title="4.默认参数"></a>4.默认参数</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(a,b=<span class="number">1</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(a,b)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">name(<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line">结果输出 <span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">name(<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">结果输出<span class="number">0</span> <span class="number">2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>提供一个<strong>默认值</strong>，如果默认参数<strong>未</strong>重新赋值，则使用<strong>默认值</strong>进行运算，<strong>否则</strong>使用<strong>新值</strong>运算</p>
<h3 id="5-可变参数"><a href="#5-可变参数" class="headerlink" title="5.可变参数"></a>5.可变参数</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(a,*array)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(a,array)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">name(<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line">结果输出 <span class="number">0</span> ()      <span class="comment">#可变参数不写实参调用默认为（）元组类型</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">name(<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">结果输出<span class="number">0</span> (<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)  <span class="comment">#位置参数之后的数会被自动拼接成元组</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">res=[<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>]</span><br><span class="line">name(<span class="number">1</span>,*res)      <span class="comment">#调用的时候也可以用*列表、*元组来设置参数</span></span><br><span class="line">结果输出<span class="number">1</span> (<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>可变参数会将<strong>不定长</strong>的参数拼接成元组进行函数运算</p>
<h3 id="6-关键字参数"><a href="#6-关键字参数" class="headerlink" title="6.关键字参数"></a>6.关键字参数</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(**key)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(key)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">key(city=<span class="string">'城市'</span>,name=<span class="string">'小叶子'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">结果输出 &#123;<span class="string">'city'</span>: <span class="string">'城市'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'小叶子'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">value=&#123;<span class="string">'city'</span>:<span class="string">'城市'</span>,<span class="string">'name'</span>:<span class="string">'小叶子'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">key(**value)</span><br><span class="line">结果输出 &#123;<span class="string">'city'</span>: <span class="string">'城市'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'小叶子'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>关键字参数会将<strong>key=value格式</strong>的参数拼接成字典的形式进行函数运算，可以写0个到无数个</p>
<h3 id="7-命名关键字参数"><a href="#7-命名关键字参数" class="headerlink" title="7.命名关键字参数"></a>7.命名关键字参数</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(a,*,name,age)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(a,name,age)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">name(<span class="number">1</span>,name=<span class="string">'小叶子'</span>,age=<span class="number">20</span>)</span><br><span class="line">结果输出 <span class="number">1</span> 小叶子 <span class="number">20</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>调用函数时命名关键字参数的键必须是声明函数是规定的键</p>
<h1 id="五、递归函数"><a href="#五、递归函数" class="headerlink" title="五、递归函数"></a>五、<strong>递归</strong>函数</h1><p>所谓递归函数，就是在函数内部<strong>调用</strong>自己本身，有种蛇头咬蛇尾的意思</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fact</span><span class="params">(n)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> n==<span class="number">1</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> n*fact(n<span class="number">-1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fact(<span class="number">5</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span>*fact(<span class="number">4</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span>*<span class="number">4</span>*fact(<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span>*<span class="number">4</span>*<span class="number">3</span>*fact(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span>*<span class="number">4</span>*<span class="number">3</span>*<span class="number">2</span>*fact(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span>*<span class="number">4</span>*<span class="number">3</span>*<span class="number">2</span>*<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">结果输出<span class="number">120</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>但是递归函数是<strong>有尽头的</strong>，每一次<strong>调用</strong>函数都会加一层<strong>栈帧</strong>，栈帧不是无穷大的，栈帧最多叠加998次，当栈溢出时，就会报错<br>解决办法是通过<strong>尾递归</strong>进行优化，每一次用<strong>return返回</strong>时会减一层栈帧，条件是<strong>return后</strong>不能有<strong>表达式</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>但是大多数语言都没有针对尾递归做优化，python解释器也同样没有对尾递归做优化，所以无论内种递归函数，都会导致栈溢出</p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="六、匿名函数"><a href="#六、匿名函数" class="headerlink" title="六、匿名函数"></a>六、匿名函数</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fun=<span class="keyword">lambda</span> a,b:a*b</span><br><span class="line">fun(<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">结果输出<span class="number">6</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 用普通函数书写</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fun</span><span class="params">(a,b)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> a*b</span><br><span class="line">fun(<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">结果输出<span class="number">6</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>fun是<strong>函数名</strong>，<strong>lambda</strong>是关键字，a,b是形参,<strong>返回</strong><code>a<em>b</em></code>,代码块只能有*一个**表达式</p>

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